Difference between revisions of "Memory map"
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The active bank at slot 4 is selected by writing to the bottom 3 bits of {{PortNo|$7FFD}}. This can be any bank from 0 to 7, which means it can end up doubling the bank at $8000 (2) or $4000 (5). On Next, there are more than 7 banks as there as a total of 1Mb of system memory. 512k of these is occupied by the hardware ROM and RAM images and the standard Spectrum 128k RAM banks, but the remaining 512k provides 32 additional banks. The necessary extra bits are written to the lowest 3 bits of {{PortNo|$DFFD}}. | The active bank at slot 4 is selected by writing to the bottom 3 bits of {{PortNo|$7FFD}}. This can be any bank from 0 to 7, which means it can end up doubling the bank at $8000 (2) or $4000 (5). On Next, there are more than 7 banks as there as a total of 1Mb of system memory. 512k of these is occupied by the hardware ROM and RAM images and the standard Spectrum 128k RAM banks, but the remaining 512k provides 32 additional banks. The necessary extra bits are written to the lowest 3 bits of {{PortNo|$DFFD}}. | ||
| − | Bank 5 is always used for the screen, no matter where it is switched in (or if it is or not). Bank 7 is always used for the "shadow screen". By default, extra banks 8-13 are used for [[Layer 2]], although these can be reselected or reused if you are not using layer 2. | + | Bank 5 is always used as the source of data for the screen, no matter where it is switched in (or if it is or not). Bank 7 is always used for the "shadow screen". By default, extra banks 8-13 are used for [[Layer 2]], although these can be reselected or reused if you are not using layer 2. |
Layer 2 switching can allow any bank to be written to in Slot 1 by "lying" that it is the address of [[Layer 2]], then writing to it using the Layer 2 paging system without enabling display. Note, however, that data cannot be ''read'' from a bank switched in in this way. | Layer 2 switching can allow any bank to be written to in Slot 1 by "lying" that it is the address of [[Layer 2]], then writing to it using the Layer 2 paging system without enabling display. Note, however, that data cannot be ''read'' from a bank switched in in this way. | ||
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| %111 || 4 || 7 || 6 || 3 | | %111 || 4 || 7 || 6 || 3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | Beware that these will have the effect of paging out the ROM. Some programs may assume that they can find ROM service routines at fixed addresses in Slot 1. More importantly, if the default interrupt mode (IM 1) is set, the Z80 '''will''' jump the program counter to $0038 every frame expecting to find an interrupt handler there. If it does not, pain and suffering will likely result. [[Extended Z80 instruction set#DI|DI]] is your friend. | ||
If you are using the standard interrupt handler or OS routines, then any time you write to {{PortNo|$7FFD}} you should also store the value at $5B5C. Any time you write to {{PortNo|$1FFD}} you should also store the value at $5B67. There is no corresponding system variable for the Next-only {{PortNo|$DFFD}} and standard OS routines may not support the extended banks properly. | If you are using the standard interrupt handler or OS routines, then any time you write to {{PortNo|$7FFD}} you should also store the value at $5B5C. Any time you write to {{PortNo|$1FFD}} you should also store the value at $5B67. There is no corresponding system variable for the Next-only {{PortNo|$DFFD}} and standard OS routines may not support the extended banks properly. | ||
== ROM paging and selection == | == ROM paging and selection == | ||
| − | Slot 1 is usually ROM. | + | Slot 1 is usually mapped to ROM. ROM is not considered one of the numbered banks; ROM segments are selected by separate methods. The 128k Spectrum has 2 ROM pages which are selected in slot 1 by altering Bit 4 of {{PortNo|$7FFD}}. The +2a/+3 has 4 ROM pages; the extra bit needed to select between these is bit 2 of {{PortNo|$1FFD}}. |
| − | |||
| − | ROM is not considered one of the numbered banks; ROM segments are selected by separate methods. The 128k Spectrum has 2 ROM pages which are selected in slot 1 by altering Bit 4 of {{PortNo|$7FFD}}. The +2a/+3 has 4 ROM pages; the extra bit needed to select between these is bit 2 of {{PortNo|$1FFD}}. | ||
Activating [[Layer 2]]'s paging will cause ''writes'' into slot 1 to go to the selected Layer 2 bank instead. Reads will continue to access the selected ROM page (or RAM bank if AllRam mode is enabled). This allows Layer 2 to be used without conflict by repurposing an operation (attempting to write to ROM) that would normally be useless. | Activating [[Layer 2]]'s paging will cause ''writes'' into slot 1 to go to the selected Layer 2 bank instead. Reads will continue to access the selected ROM page (or RAM bank if AllRam mode is enabled). This allows Layer 2 to be used without conflict by repurposing an operation (attempting to write to ROM) that would normally be useless. | ||
Revision as of 00:35, 30 August 2017
The Memory Map of the Next is based on the memory structure of the ZX Spectrum 128 and +2a/+3.
The Z80's 16-bit bus can only access 64k of memory, which is divided into 4 "slots" as follows. Each of these 4 slots is mapped to a 16k bank of memory within the larger available address space.
| Area | Description |
|---|---|
| $0000-$3999 | Slot 1, usually ROM, but usable for Layer 2. |
| $4000-$7999 | Slot 2, usually used for the ULA screen. Defaults to bank 5. |
| $8000-$BFFF | Slot 3, Free RAM. Defaults to bank 2. |
| $C000-$FFFF | Slot 4, Free RAM. Defaults to bank 0. |
On the 48k Spectrum this is all the available memory there is, so no switching can be performed. On the 128k Spectrum, there are 8 available banks, numbered 0-7. In standard mode, any bank can be switched into Slot 4 (via 128k Spectrum standards) and also any bank can be written to (but not read) in Slot 1 (via Layer 2 standards)
The active bank at slot 4 is selected by writing to the bottom 3 bits of Memory Paging Control ($7FFD / 32765). This can be any bank from 0 to 7, which means it can end up doubling the bank at $8000 (2) or $4000 (5). On Next, there are more than 7 banks as there as a total of 1Mb of system memory. 512k of these is occupied by the hardware ROM and RAM images and the standard Spectrum 128k RAM banks, but the remaining 512k provides 32 additional banks. The necessary extra bits are written to the lowest 3 bits of Next Memory Bank Select ($DFFD / 57341).
Bank 5 is always used as the source of data for the screen, no matter where it is switched in (or if it is or not). Bank 7 is always used for the "shadow screen". By default, extra banks 8-13 are used for Layer 2, although these can be reselected or reused if you are not using layer 2.
Layer 2 switching can allow any bank to be written to in Slot 1 by "lying" that it is the address of Layer 2, then writing to it using the Layer 2 paging system without enabling display. Note, however, that data cannot be read from a bank switched in in this way.
"Special paging mode" (also called "AllRam mode" or "CP/M mode") is enabled by writing a value with the LSB set to Plus 3 Memory Paging Control ($1FFD / 8189). Depending on the 3 low bits of this value a memory configuration is selected as follows:
| Bits | Slot 1 | Slot 2 | Slot 3 | Slot 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| %001 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| %011 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| %101 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 3 |
| %111 | 4 | 7 | 6 | 3 |
Beware that these will have the effect of paging out the ROM. Some programs may assume that they can find ROM service routines at fixed addresses in Slot 1. More importantly, if the default interrupt mode (IM 1) is set, the Z80 will jump the program counter to $0038 every frame expecting to find an interrupt handler there. If it does not, pain and suffering will likely result. DI is your friend.
If you are using the standard interrupt handler or OS routines, then any time you write to Memory Paging Control ($7FFD / 32765) you should also store the value at $5B5C. Any time you write to Plus 3 Memory Paging Control ($1FFD / 8189) you should also store the value at $5B67. There is no corresponding system variable for the Next-only Next Memory Bank Select ($DFFD / 57341) and standard OS routines may not support the extended banks properly.
ROM paging and selection
Slot 1 is usually mapped to ROM. ROM is not considered one of the numbered banks; ROM segments are selected by separate methods. The 128k Spectrum has 2 ROM pages which are selected in slot 1 by altering Bit 4 of Memory Paging Control ($7FFD / 32765). The +2a/+3 has 4 ROM pages; the extra bit needed to select between these is bit 2 of Plus 3 Memory Paging Control ($1FFD / 8189).
Activating Layer 2's paging will cause writes into slot 1 to go to the selected Layer 2 bank instead. Reads will continue to access the selected ROM page (or RAM bank if AllRam mode is enabled). This allows Layer 2 to be used without conflict by repurposing an operation (attempting to write to ROM) that would normally be useless.
Screen
Bank 5 is the slot read by the ULA for the screen. Setting bit 3 of Memory Paging Control ($7FFD / 32765) will have the ULA read from bank 7 (the "shadow screen") instead, which can be used as an alternate screen. Note that this does not remap slot 2; to alter bank 7 it must be switched in to slot 4. On the 128k Spectrum, banks 1, 3, 5, and 7 are all contended; on the +2a/+3, banks 4, 5, 6, and 7 are contended. Contended memory is subject to delays.
SRAM memory map
The SpecNext site provided the following raw memory map for the Next's entire static physical memory space without memory management:
- $00000 - ZX Spectrum Rom
- $10000 - ESXDOS Rom
- $14000 - Multiface ROM
- $18000 - Multiface extra ROM
- $1c000 - Multiface RAM
- $20000 - DivMMC RAM
- $60000 - Spectrum 128k Ram
- $80000 - Extra RAM
- $FFFFF - End of addressable space
However it is not clear if any Spectrum code will be able to make use of this memory map since the Z80 cores only support 16-bit addresses. This may therefore only be useful for FPGA development.